Tutorials

This tutorial will present a survey of a set of automatic modulation recognition techniques employed in literature. Two main steps are involved in designing an automatic modulation classifier: preprocessing of the incoming signal and proper selection of classification algorithm. Regarding the second step two general classes of AMC algorithms have been proposed: the decision theoretic and pattern recognition method.

Outline

Automatic modulation recognition (AMR) of digital modulation schemes identifies the constellation used by a digital communication system. It is a problem of interest for both civilian and military applications. With the recent developments in software defined radio (SDR), AMR has gained more attention than ever. With the help of AMR, a single SDR can handle multiple modulations. In a non-cooperative environment, the identification of an incoming signal is a difficult task as no prior knowledge of the incoming signal is available.

Ethernet technology has emerged as a cost-effective, mature, robust, high-speed, and versatile choice for MAN/WAN networking of critical defense establishments and military installations – for e.g., army, navy, and air force bases, mission commands, remote war centers, the Pentagon, and other security agencies. Intelligent Ethernet helps to achieve IP-centric service requirements, while enabling wireless and fixed-line networks to evolve to a fast, economical, packet-switched infrastructure. The last few years have seen tremendous advancements in Ethernet architecture, its features, switch/router system design, and its integration with optical technologies. This tutorial provides a clear conceptual overview of optical Ethernet technology advances, network architectures, and benefits for military and defense network planners, network architects, and system engineers.

First, we briefly review the core elements of the military’s net-centric strategy and the desirable attributes of military-grade packet networks. We then map these to the requirements imposed on packet-switched and transport technologies, and on the architecture of the networks and the systems deployed. Thereafter, we outline how modern, optical Ethernet technologies can satisfy these requirements. We focus next on a discussion of the basics of optical Ethernet – i.e. why look at optical Ethernet at all? Applications of Ethernet for military networks and its benefits, the roles of the underlying technologies – packet and optical -- and their integration, as well as “Carrier Ethernet.” Having specified these, we discuss macro architectural options for building MAN/WAN interconnects for defense using Ethernet technologies, and the key operational/design principles involved. Finally, we focus on key developments in optical Ethernet technology over the last 3-4 years that impact the military’s adoption and deployment -- such as reliability, security, OAM and management, enforceable QoS capabilities, and synchronization/timing over Ethernet. We conclude with some open issues, and a look at ongoing Ethernet developments in the industry – automated control planes, tunneling technologies, and reliability.

Outline

• Core elements of a net-centric strategy and its implications for network architecture and system (switch/router) design.
• Attributes/requirements of military-grade networks, and the requirements they impose on systems and network technologies.
• Why discuss optical Ethernet at all? The applications of Ethernet technologies in the military context, and the benefits of Ethernet in a military environment.
• Implications of (1) and (2) above for packet-switched (e.g. Ethernet) and transport (e.g. optical) technologies. That is, characteristics and requirements needed in the packet and optical domains.
• How optical Ethernet satisfies the above requirements today.
• Macro-architectural options for building MAN/WAN interconnections for defense and key operational/design principles involved. We examine connection-oriented Ethernet and its coupling to optical technology, and discuss alternative architectures for realizing Ethernet services.
• Key developments of the last few years that impact military adoption and deployment of optical Ethernet. These include: reliability/protection, security (MAC and link-layer, as well as user data), OAM and management, hard QoS (via service definitions, hardware system features, tunnel routing techniques, multicast capabilities), and synchronization/timing information transport over Ethernet (IEEE 1588.v2).
• Wrap-up and a look towards the future – standards, system design, industry consensus.

The next decade of military and civilian communication networks will witness an expansive emergence of cyber related threats that will include espionage, denial-of-service, and infrastructure attacks. With the modern war-fighting relying heavily on Network-Centric Operations and wireless communications, such cyber activities pose a real and immediate threat not only to the success of the battlefield missions but to the overall integrity of our communication and other critical infrastructure assets as well.

This tutorial introduces the Software Virtual Networks (SVNs), or network emulation, as an emerging and viable technology for design, analysis, and training for cyber operations, both defensive and offensive. The SVNs can set up a cyberwargaming capability to train deployed personnel to rapidly defend and restore networks and also serve as laboratories in which to train people to use cyber war technology prior to deployment, supporting the need for decision-support tools that provide situational awareness and training for non-networking experts.

Outline

• Introduction to the current state of cyber warfare technology, in tactical and GIG networks.
• Taxonomy of cyber attacks. Understanding the dimensions of attack vectors, targets, operational impact, informational impact and defense strategies.
• Survey and shortcomings of current cyber war-gaming approaches.
• Introduction to Software Virtual Networks (SVNs) and its popular use cases.
• Applying SVNs for analysis and training for cyber operations.
• Concepts of Operations and use cases of SVN-based cyber wargaming tool for tactical and Global networks.

In this tutorial, we examine fading channels which are more challenging than their non-fading counterparts. We show how spread spectrum and OFDM techniques mitigate the deleterious effects of multipath. We explore a beneficial single-carrier variant of OFDM, known as SC-OFDM. We also examine some of the very creative developments such as turbo codes, LDPC codes, and MIMO that have pushed this technology to astounding performance levels. We provide insight as to how these techniques work, and where they may take us.

Outline

Specifically, the tutorial will cover:

• Fading channels: Characterization and Mitigation.
• How to cope with the deleterious effects of multipath, and why spread spectrum and OFDM are natural mitigation techniques.
• We show how SC-OFDM results in a reduction of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).
• We explain how turbo codes and LDPC codes work, and verify that Shannon's 1948 predictions have been (virtually) fulfilled with the advent of these techniques.
• We describe the magic of MIMO (methods that were originally thought to violate Shannon's predictions). We illustrate how such techniques, by exploiting multipath conditions, can achieve increased capacity, increased robustness, or both.

This tutorial is an overview of the AEHF system which is designed to meet critical DoD requirements for protected SATCOM. The evolution of requirements is based on technology improvements which have resulted in 6-10 times improved performance of several major figures of merit. Comparisons are shown between legacy systems and AEHF. The important performance characteristics covered include: capacity, survivability, coverage, control, interoperability, flexibility, and security. The technology innovations that have allowed these improvements include phased array antennas, electric propulsion, higher power transmitters, and innovative modulation techniques.

The main design characteristics of the space and ground segments (including control and terminals) are discussed next. In the space segment we treat both the bus and payload characteristics and their interfaces. In the payload discussion we show the value of phased arrays as an example of an improvement to flexibility to move beams to meet ever changing coverage requirements. In the control segment we discuss access methods as well as the division of control between centralized vs distributed levels and fencing of resources at many levels. Control is also discussed in terms of limitations of who is allowed to perform certain functions and receive certain information based on priority, privilege, and precedence.

Outline

• System Characteristics
• Segment descriptions-space and ground
• Technology innovations
• Communications services
• Operational concepts

Spacecraft are sensitive to space environmental effects. Spacecraft engineers must understand the potential effects of both natural and manmade environments in space for designing survivable and affordable space systems. The course begins by delving into the individual natural and manmade sources that produce the environments that can be found in space. These sources include: sun, earth, moon, meteors, space debris, and others. The environments produced by each source are described along with their potential and known effects on space systems. Integration and correlation of environments and their combined effects are also presented. Differing mission parameters, such as orbits or launch profiles, can change the suite of environments and their severity faced by a given space system. The process of addressing these environments and their effects, individually and together, in the engineering of spacecraft to balance survivability, mission, cost, risk and other factors is overviewed. To ensure the spacecraft system completely satisfies its intended mission, a system of systems approach for the development and engineering of a military related mission spacecraft is outlined and discussed. Examples of the environments and their effects on space systems are used throughout the tutorial. The student should come away from the course with knowledge of the environments and their sources with which spacecraft must deal, and a system of systems approach to engineering spacecraft to survive natural and manmade environmental effects, and perform their missions.

Outline

• Introduction
• Overview
• Background
• Environments
• Natural Environments
• Manmade environments
• Effects
• Natural
• Manmade
• Combined
• Engineering Spacecraft: A System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) Approach
• What is SOSE?
• Survivability: physical and operational
• Size, weight, and power (SWaP); cost and risk
• Summary and final comments

Motion imagery plays a very important role in situational awareness in military environment, like reconnaissance operations for providing real-time intelligence to mobile ground units, generating topographical layouts to pinpoint enemy hideout locations, and so on. However, motion imagery data demands large bandwidth and real-time (or near-real-time) transmission over unreliable and often bandwidth-starved tactical wireless channels. The ad-hoc nature of military networks, requiring fast and flexible deployment and mobile nodes, adds to the woes of streaming high bit rate and low latency motion imagery data suited to the mission requirements. The Motion Imagery Standards Board (MISB) is developing the standards for coding and transport of motion imagery data for DOD and intelligence community. They have identified the H.264 AVC, JPEG2000 and 3D wavelet technologies for compressing the motion imagery data. Our research shows that a sound knowledge of the compressed bitstream features can be very helpful in designing better cross-layer network protocols. These protocols can considerably improve the quality of the received data in the tactical networks.

Outline

Specifically, the tutorial will cover:

• Introduction to MISB standardization activities, including the current status and future plans.
• Advances in motion imagery technologies for DOD and intelligence applications.
• Introduction to advances in motion imagery compression technology, including H.264 AVC, JPEG2000, and 3D wavelet technologies.
• Introduction to advances in large volume data streaming (LVSD) technologies and applications.
• Issues related to real-time motion imagery data transport over tactical networks, including the bitstream features, quality-of-service (QoS) parameters, and cross-layer design of network protocols.
• Video demonstrations for the working principles and performance of the above topics, including the effect of motion imagery features on network protocol design.

The next decade of military communication systems will continue to experience increasing demands for performance, mobility, and services in difficult physical channel and frequency allocation environments. This escalation typically requires higher data rate communications using wideband/multicarrier signaling, and complex, high bandwidth efficiency digital modulations, almost universally in the presence of nonlinearities caused primarily by high power amplifiers. The resulting unwanted distortion produced in these systems will critically require more accurate characterization, formal specification, and effective reduction in order to meet overall performance expectations. This tutorial seeks to survey and illuminate the advanced measurement, modeling, and compensation techniques and technology that will be required to support the successful development of future military communication systems, several of which have been developed at The Aerospace Corporation.

Outline

• Overview/Logistics
  • Purpose/Scope
  • Outline/Schedule
• Introduction and Motivation
  • Escalating Challenges in the Modern Communications Channel
  • Distortion Sources and Terminology
• Measurement Techniques
  • Frequency Domain versus Time Domain
  • Baseband Time Domain Measurements
  • Technology Status and Outlook
• System-Level Modeling of Nonlinear Components and Systems
  • Fidelity Quantification and Requirements
  • Survey of n-Box Models
  • Polyspectral Method and Application to High-Power Amplifier Modeling
• Specification of Nonlinear Systems
  • Distortion Metrics and Their Calculation
  • Error Vector Magnitude — A Case Study
  • Specification Challenges and Issues
• Nonlinear Distortion Compensation
  • Traditional Technique Survey and Assessment
  • Technology Status and Outlook
  • Polyspectral-based Approaches
• Summary, Assessments, and Future Directions
  • Summary
  • Projections for Nonlinear Characterization, Specification, and Distortion Mitigation
  • References

Communication satellite antennas are described from a system perspective for system designers and technology developers engaged in space and user segment applications. Antenna parameters as related to system performance are discussed. Link analyses and propagation limitations are described from a system design basis. System architectures and design requirements are discussed for both space and user segments for military and commercial applications. Space segment antenna technologies are described for earth coverage, spot beam, multiple beam, crosslink, broadcast, and TT&C applications. User segment antennas are addressed including antenna tracking techniques needed for high data rate transfer. Techniques for interference mitigation required in today's crowded spectra are described and illustrate the roles of passive antenna sidelobe control and adaptive antenna techniques for interference cancellation. Finally, test facilities for antenna evaluation and test methodologies and processes specific to satellite system requirements are presented.

Topics

• Overview
• System Analyses
• Space and User Segment Architectures
• Interference Mitigation
• Antenna Technologies
• Test Processes
• Methodologies
• Facilities

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) play an important role in the network-centric warfare. Quick deployment, reconfiguration, and high bandwidth are key benefits of WMNs. The challenges faced by WMNs need to be solved in order to effectively use WMNs as reliable and effective networking solution for tactical, semi-tactical, or civilian communications. While solving the challenges, a detailed look at the three generations of WMNs is essential. Network architectural, protocol, and algorithmic design solutions are essential for solving the network performance impediments that tactical networks face even with high physical layer data rates. This tutorial will discuss the challenges faced by WMNs, historical attempts at solving them, pitfalls faced, and lessons learned, besides the approaches to be considered while solving some of the analytical, experimental, and deployment challenges. This tutorial is very relevant to the MILCOM 2010 theme.

Outline

• Overview of the tutorial
• Introduction and Definition of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs)
• Why Wireless Mesh Networks?
• Evolution of WMNs
• Past pitfalls and their impact on WMNs
• Architectural issues in WMNs
• Capacity of WMNs
• Protocol design issues in WMNs
• Algorithmic design issues in WMNs
• State of the art protocol solutions for WMNs
• Design and performance issues in Wide Area WMNs
• Specific Design issues for large scale WMNs
• Tutorial Summary

This tutorial provides an overview of commercial wireless networking technologies within the context of the commercial domain and the potential roles of these technologies in the evolving network-centric warfighting force. There is a persisting interest within the DoD community to leverage commercial Internet and wireless networking technologies in order to achieve this desired network-centric capability. Gaining a deep understanding of these technologies, however, is a daunting task given the sheer volume of technologies being developed in the commercial domain. What are the basic capabilities of these technologies? What are the drawbacks? How do they relate to one another (complimentary vs. competitor)? Are the technologies interdependent on one another? Attempting to apply these technologies to the military domain, which is complicated by stressing usage cases, difficult environments, and different requirements, in a manner that will result in effective solutions, is a complex task. The goal of this tutorial is to provide a comprehensive overview of key existing and emerging commercial wireless network technologies, providing attendees technical knowledge on pervasive commercial wireless networking technologies and techniques and issues related to internetworking these various technologies.

Outline

The proposed tutorial will begin by providing a brief overview of key architectural visions that play an important part in the developing wireless Internet, including:

• IMT-2000
• IMT-Advanced
• IMS

The tutorial will then provide a brief overview of key pervasive commercial network technologies including:

• IEEE 802.11 WLAN technologies (802.11a, b, e, g, i, n, s, r, w)
• WPAN technologies (802.15.1/.2/.3/.4, Bluetooth, ZigBee, UWB)
• Wireless broadband access technologies (802.16-2004, 802.16-2005, 802.16m,802.20, WiMAX, WiBRO)
• Cellular communications (1G→2G→2.5G→3G→4G)

This discussion will provide an overview of what they are, a historical context of how these technologies came into being, the problems they are designed to solve, what are their basic capabilities and characteristics, how they relate to one another, and their highlevel strengths and weaknesses.

The proposed tutorial will then go on to provide a detailed overview of a select set of key emerging disruptive wireless technologies including:

• IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11s
• WiMAX (Fixed, Mobile, 802.16m)
• Next-generation cellular communications (e.g. LTE)
• Cognitive Radio (e.g. IEEE 802.22)

Each technology discussion will consist of the following sub-topics: 1) a description of the historical lineage of each technology, 2) the key design goals and usage cases for each technology, 3) some typical deployment models of the technology, 4) an overview of the technology itself and its key features and capabilities, 5) a survey of the current equipment market (typical off-the-shelf product capabilities and profile (size, weight,power, etc.)), 6) on-going standardization efforts, 7) on-going and envisioned deployment activities, and 8) strengths and weaknesses within the context of military usage. Presentation of the different technologies aims to remain neutral to preclude any bias towards one technology as a more suitable candidate to another for any particular application. A commercial 'big picture' will be provided, showing what role these technologies serve within the commercial domain, the competitive landscape, how these relate to commercial architectural visions such as IMT, and how all these technologies together form the emerging wireless Internet. This commercial ‘big picture’ will then be compared and contrasted with the emerging military communications architecture, with key similarities and differences identified.

This tutorial on latest advances in future networking architectures is designed for researchers, engineers and managers involved in future networking product strategies. Networking research funding agencies in USA, Europe, Japan, and other countries are encouraging research on revolutionary architectures that may or may not be bound by the restrictions of the current TCP/IP based Internet. We present an overview of a number of such research projects and activities in this direction. The topics covered include: Clean-Slate Research Programs, Internet 3.0, Virtualization, ID-Locator Separation, Content Centric Networking, OpenFlow, and Delay-tolerant networks.

Outline

• Future Internet Projects
  • Future Internet: Areas of Research
  • Why to worry about Future Internet?
  • Key Problems with Current Internet
  • Problems (cont)
  • Names, IDs, Locators
• Internet 3.0: Next Generation Internet
  • Internet Generations
  • Organizational Representation
  • User- Host- and Data Centric Models
  • Policy-Based Networking Architecture
  • Multi-Tier Object-Oriented View
  • Virtualization
• Content-Centric Networks (CCN)
  • CCN Packets
  • CCN Capable Routers Operation
  • CCN Security
• Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs)
  • Bundle Protocol
  • Bundle Delivery Options
  • DTN Security
  • Known Issues with Bundle Protocol
  • Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP)
• Routing Architectures
  • OpenFlow
  • ID-Locator Split
  • Host Identity Protocol: HIP
  • ID Locator Split via Core-Edge Separation
  • LISP Protocol Details
  • MILSA
• Green Networking
  • Information and Communication Technology: Energy Stats
  • Effect of Networking
  • Network Component Design
  • Performance and Sleep States
  • Rate Adaptation
  • Wireless Mobile Networking
• Next Generation Testbeds
  • Past: PlanetLab, Emulab, VINI, OneLab
  • Federation
  • GENI, Requirements, Subsystems
  • GENI Prototype Clusters
  • Wireless Network Virtualization
  • Supercharged PlanetLab Platform (SPP)
  • FIRE, FEDERICA
  • AKARI

Prior art of cyber defense typically transforms "data" to "information" (e.g. alarm); techniques for transforming "information" to "intelligence" (e.g. situational awareness) are largely lacking. Plausible theory and practical software tools that can provide situational awareness, attack assessment, and decision support are needed.

This tutorial will cover broadly the theory and practice of cyber security analysis and situational awareness. We will first focus on how to help analysts understand cyber attacks at the networks and systems level. Understanding such attacks entails deep knowledge of attack structures (e.g., relationships between individual actions and events) as well as specific network configurations. Then we will focus on how to help analysts understand the impacts of cyber attacks in the context of operations, applications, and missions. We will cover several representative security analysis approaches and introduce some related software tools, with discussions on their pros and cons. Finally, we will discuss some critical issues for enhancing cyber security analysis and situational awareness.

Outline

• Overview: Cyber security analysis and situational awareness
• Theory of security analysis and situational awareness
• Security analysis
• Situational awareness
• Practice of security analysis and situational awareness
• State-of-the-practice (current software tools and their positions)
• What are we missing?
• Conclusions and Discussions

Next Generation IP based network- centric architectures enable the fusion of technologies e.g. digital video, broadband Internet and mobile communication. The tutorial consists of two parts: (a) DVB satellite network standards and technologies and (b) emerging services, and next generation DoD /commercial applications. The first part will focus on the different DVB technologies via satellite networks i.e. (DVB-S), DVB return channel by satellite (DVB-RCS) and second generation DVB for broad band services (DVB- S2). A brief overview of DVB-S and DVB-RCS architectures, protocol standards, IP delivery over satellite, and DVB-RCS+M reference model for Mobile Satellite Interactive Network will be discussed. The second part of the tutorial will provide an overview of the future commercial and DoD application of DVB to Joint IP Modem, for two way communications using the Wideband Gap Filler Satellite (WGS) and DVB-RCS hub integration of DISA and US CENTCOM. Technical challenges and possible solutions for the future hybrid /integrated networks will be addressed.

Outline

• Introduction
  • DVB Background
  • Emerging Services and Applications
  • DoD Applications
  • Commercial Applications
  • DVB Standards Evolution
  • Interoperability - SatLabs
• Network Architectures & Emerging Standards
  • DVB-S protocol
  • DVB-S2 Networks and Performance
  • DVB-RCS Network Architectures
•  Mobile Satellite Networks and Services
  • Mobile Applications
  • DVB-RCS+M Reference Model
  • Propagation Channel
  • Performance
• DVB-SH
  • Standard Evolution
  • DVB-SH in UHF
  • DVB-SH in S-Band
• DVB Applications and Examples
  • DoD Applications
  • Commercial Applications
• Future Trends and Technical Challenges
  • Hybrid/ Integrated SATCOM – WiMAX
  • Protocol Reference Model
  • System Capacity Performance
  • Technical Challenges and Solutions
• Conclusions

This tutorial will cover the need to software review in the software acquisition process. As Department of Defense (DoD) contracts venture into new arenas there is constantly a need for engineers to use all types of new software from open source to classified. This tutorial will present a methodical approach to conducting a thorough software review in order to conduct a thorough analysis and make an information risk determination.

The need for intelligence gathering has never been more important in today’s environment of online collaboration and large amount of open source development tools. Malicious tools can come from any number of locations and methods. This tutorial will demonstrate effective intelligence gathering techniques as well as the associated legal and policy guidelines that must be followed.

Outline

• Background (the need for software review)
• Legal/Regulatory Issues
• Policy
• Threat Review Process
• Examples
• Testing Methodology (static vs. dynamic)

DoD information systems have always faced threats from attackers who seek to acquire secrets, corrupt data, interfere with processing of data, or impede access to mission critical information. As technology has advanced, the challenges to DoD have grown. As cyber threats become more advanced, interconnectivity between systems increases, and as reliance on software grows, our systems become increasingly vulnerable to attacks. It is no longer sufficient to design an accreditable system; our DoD systems must also be engineered to withstand sophisticated cyber attacks. This tutorial consists of two modules that provide a deeper understanding of the technical and management challenges in cybersecurity relevant to DoD.

Outline

Network Security Challenges in Net-centric Computing
This module will cover common network security issues in DoD systems and will describe classes of attacks and approaches to mitigating risk.

Cybersecurity Test Strategies
Information system security testing is performed at several points in the development cycle, both for components and the system, and requiring multiple certifications. Yet, even with extensive testing, numerous vulnerabilities continue to be identified and exploited by attackers. This module will look at current testing approaches and explore new approaches that may be applicable to DoD systems.

In order to deploy and maintain Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) effectively, it is imperative that appropriate network management techniques be used. Today, most network reconfiguration operations are performed manually by experienced network operators who examine outputs from fault and performance management systems and decide how to reconfigure the network appropriately. In order to reduce the cost of network operations, it is critical that human intervention be minimized by creating a feedback loop between monitoring systems and configuration systems, and by specifying policies that regulate how the system should be reconfigured in response to various network events. This tutorial discusses the management challenges associated with MANETs, and describes how policy-based network management can be used for increasing automation in the management and configuration of mobile ad hoc networks. This tutorial will be partly based on a book recently co-authored by the presenter entitled "Policy-Driven Mobile Ad Hoc Network Management".

Outline

• Overview of mobile ad hoc networking
• Network management requirements for MANETs, with an emphasis on the differences between the management requirements for MANETs as compared to static, wireline networks
• The use of policies for managing mobile ad hoc networks to increase automation and to tie together management components via policies
• Policy conflict detection and resolution
• The aspects of mobile ad hoc networking that need to be configured and reconfigured at all layers of the protocol stack
• Important open research issues in the area of MANET management

In mobile tactical ad hoc networks, nodes are constantly in motion and/or operate on limited power. When nodes are in motion, links can be obstructed by intervening objects. When nodes must conserve power, links are shut down. These result in intermittent connectivity. When no path exists between source and destination, network partition occurs. Examples of an intermittently connected network (ICN) are: a). An inter-planet satellite communication network where satellites and ground nodes may only communicate with each other several times a day, b). A sensor network where sensors are not powerful enough to send data to a collecting server or are scheduled to be wake/sleep periodically, c). A military ad hoc network where nodes (e.g. tanks, airplanes, soldiers) may move randomly and are subject to being destroyed. Applications in ICNs must tolerate delays beyond conventional IP forwarding delays and these networks are referred to as delay/disruption tolerant networks (DTN). New protocols specifically for DTNs must be developed as existing protocols designed for the Internet do not work properly.

Applications in DTNs include

• JPL's Inter-planet network,
• US Navy Seaweb Initiative: Enabling Undersea FORCEnet for cross-system, crossplatform, cross-mission, cross-nation interoperability
• UMass DieselNet: A Disruption-Tolerant Network Testbed
• US Marine Corps CONDOR—Command and Control On-the-Move Network Digital Over-the-Horizon Relay.

Recently there has been much research activity in the emerging area of intermittently connected ad hoc networks and delay/disruption tolerant networks (DTN) (DARPA launched one in 2005). There are different types of DTNs depending on the nature of the network environment. Routing in DTNs is one of the key components in the DTN architecture proposed by the DTN research group. Therefore, researchers have proposed different routing protocols for different types of DTNs in the last few years. In this tutorial, we review the state of the art in DTN networks, especially routing protocols. We categorize these routing protocols based on information used. For deterministic time evolving networks, three main approaches are discussed: the tree approach, the space and time approach, and the modified shortest path approach. For stochastic time evolving networks, the following approaches are reviewed: the epidemic or random forwarding approach, predication or history based approach (including per contact routing based on one-hop information only and per contact routing based on average end to end information), the model based routing approach as well as approaches which control the movement of certain special nodes. Recent developments in erasure coding and network coding applied to DTNs are also discussed. As a case study, we will discuss how DTN technologies are applied to real DOD networks such as US Marine Corps CONDOR—Command and Control On-the-Move Network Digital Over-the-Horizon Relay. CONDOR is a short term bridging strategy to link existing tactical radio and data networks and to provide an over-the-horizon communications capability to link line-of-sight radio systems that have moved beyond line-of-sight or that precluded by terrain features or other obstacles. DTN technology also offers a new solution to highly stressed communications in space environments, especially those with long link delay and frequent link disruptions in deep space missions. DTN for space is becoming a recognized research area. We discuss the emerging DTN protocols for space communications with focuses on DTN architecture, BP, convergence layer protocols and their application in space. An overview of recent research and experimental activities on DTN over simulation testbed and in space, both low-Earth orbit and deep space, is also presented. The tutorial also identifies open research issues and intends to motivate new research and development in this area.

Outline

• Introduction
• Reviewing wireless, mobile tactical ad hoc networks
• Characteristics of MANET
• DTN Research group's architecture
• DTN Applications (BBN DARPA DTN Project, JPL Inter-planet network, US Marine Corps CONDOR, US NAVY Seaweb, ZebraNet, DataMule, etc)
• Routing protocols
• Deterministic routing
• Stochastic approaches
• Coding based approaches
• Multicasting protocols
• DTN for deep space communications and interplanetary Internet
• Overview of DTN architecture for deep space
• Bundle protocol (BP)
• DTN transport protocols for deep space communications
• Recent research and experimental activities on DTN for space
• Case Study: Applying DTN technology to US Marine Corps—CONDOR
• Overview of CONDOR
• DTN for CONDOR
• DTN application development
• Recent development in DTN/research areas

This introductory tutorial is designed to acquaint the non specialist in the technology, algorithms, and quantum science necessary to understand this emerging field. We begin with an introduction to the subject of quantum physics. We proceed to discuss the reason for and architecture of a quantum computer. We introduce the quantum gate and show how to use them in a simple calculation. We next discuss the function of a quantum key distribution system and how it relates to quantum communications. Other topics that we cover include discussion on how to write a quantum algorithm, what is a quantum game. Quantum entanglement and quantum teleportation.

Outline

• Introduction to Quantum Information Science.
• Introduction to Quantum Physics.
• Quantum Architecture for a quantum computer.
• How to write a Quantum Gate, with examples drawn form Grover's, Shur's and other algorithmic development
• How to write a quantum algorithm.
• Quantum Cryptography and Quantum Key Distribution.
• Lets play a quantum game!
• What is quantum entanglement?
• Esoteric topics: Bells Inequality, When will we have a Quantum Computer?
• References.